News

Quanta Magazine

Published

2 years ago

September 15, 2022

Why didn’t organic creatures evolve some skill to ratchet their muscle tissue or in any other case transfer themselves increased, farther and sooner?

Muscular tissues are evolutionarily very outdated; they don’t differ that a lot between bugs and people. “We bought muscle tissue from our great-great-great-great-great-great-great backboneless ancestors,” Sutton mentioned. “Altering elementary properties of bits is basically exhausting for evolution.”

Had there been extra evolutionary stress to leap actually excessive, “I suppose we’d have developed actually excessive jumpers,” mentioned Charlie Xiao, a doctoral pupil and co-author with Keeley and others on the brand new robotic examine. However frogs, grasshoppers and people should be constructed not just for leaping, however for reproducing, discovering meals, escaping predators and doing all the pieces else that life requires.

Richard Essner, a professor of organic sciences at Southern Illinois College Edwardsville, defined how these trade-offs can work. There aren’t many conditions the place you’d wish to leap straight up, he mentioned. Most frequently, when frogs and different small creatures want leaping energy, it’s as a result of they’re attempting to flee a predator behind them. Then the frog needs to rapidly place as a lot distance between itself and the predator as doable. The frog will probably lower its takeoff angle, flattening its trajectory to leap farther slightly than increased — however in all probability not the farthest it will probably, as a result of hopping to security normally entails a collection of hops. Most frogs fold their legs below their physique in midair in order that upon the moment of touchdown, they’re prepared to leap once more.

Surprisingly, there isn’t all the time pure choice stress to land correctly after a giant leap. Recently in Science Advances, Essner and his group reported that amphibians known as pumpkin toadlets, a few of that are smaller than the tip of a sharpened pencil, nearly all the time crash-land once they leap. Their tiny measurement is on the root of their drawback: Like different animals, the frogs get their sense of steadiness from the vestibular system of their internal ear. However as a result of their vestibular system is small, it’s comparatively insensitive to angular acceleration, leaving the frogs ill-equipped to regulate for tumbling throughout a leap.

They’re not alone in touchdown badly: Grasshoppers are “simply horrible at it” too, Sutton mentioned.

In a venture led by graduate pupil Chloe Goode, Sutton’s group is presently learning why grasshoppers spin uncontrollably throughout their jumps. Of their experiments, they outfitted the bugs with tiny weighted high hats to shift their heart of gravity. The researchers discovered that this was sufficient to cease the grasshoppers from spinning within the air, which in idea may give the grasshoppers extra management over their touchdown. Sutton and his group do not know why the bugs didn’t evolve with a little bit extra weight of their head for that stability.

However whereas a crash touchdown sounds perilous to us as comparatively huge creatures vulnerable to breaking bones, it’s much less problematic for smaller creatures. “It’s a scaling phenomenon,” Essner mentioned. With growing measurement, physique mass will increase extra rapidly than the cross-sectional space of the supporting bones, which determines their power, he mentioned. In comparison with an elephant, a mouse has lots of bone shoring up its minimal mass.

Small creatures “simply don’t expertise any harm from falls,” Essner mentioned. There might not have been robust sufficient choice stress to oblige grasshoppers and pumpkin toadlets to evolve the power to land correctly, which freed them to evolve different talents extra essential for his or her survival, Essner added.

Rethinking the Limits

The Hawkes group robotic is present process an evolution of its personal. The researchers are working with NASA to develop their machine into a completely functioning robotic that might acquire samples on different worlds, utilizing managed jumps to rapidly traverse lengthy distances. On the moon, the place there is no such thing as a environment, no air drag and solely one-sixth of Earth’s gravity, the robotic might theoretically leap greater than 400 meters, Xiao mentioned. Their hope is to launch it to the moon within the subsequent 5 years or so.

rn // Outline dataLayer and the gtag perform.rn window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];rn perform gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}rnrn // Default ad_storage to ‘denied’.rn gtag(‘consent’, ‘default’, {rn ‘ad_storage’: ‘denied’rn });rnu003c/script>rnu003c!– Google Tag Supervisor –>rnu003cscript>(perform(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({‘gtm.begin’:rnnew Date().getTime(),occasion:’gtm.js’});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],rnj=d.createElement(s),dl=l!=’dataLayer’?’&l=”+l:”‘;j.async=true;j.src=rn’ Finish Google Tag Supervisor –>rnu003c!– Google Tag Supervisor (noscript) –>rnu003cnoscript>u003ciframe src=” width=”0″ fashion=”show:none;visibility:hidden”>u003c/iframe>u003c/noscript>rnu003c!– Finish Google Tag Supervisor (noscript) –>rnu003cscript>rnfunction getCookie(identify) {rn let worth = “; ” + doc.cookie;rn var components = worth.cut up(“; ” + identify + “=”);rn if (components.size === 2) return components.pop().cut up(“;”).shift();rn}rnrnif(getCookie(‘acceptedPolicy’)) {rn// google analyticsrn(perform(i,s,o,g,r,a,m)perform()[]).push(arguments),i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),rnm=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)rn)(window,doc,’script’,’ ‘UA-8526335-13’, ‘auto’);rnga(‘set’, ‘forceSSL’, true);rnga(‘require’, ‘displayfeatures’);rnga(‘ship’,’pageview’);rnrn// fb pixelrn!perform(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)rn{if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=perform()rn{n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)}rn;rnif(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.model=’2.0′;rnn.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;rnt.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];rns.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,doc,’script’,rn’ ‘190747804793608’); rnfbq(‘monitor’, ‘PageView’);rnrn// chartbeatrnvar _sf_async_config = { uid: 65564, area: ‘quantamagazine.org’, useCanonical: true };(perform() {perform loadChartbeat(){ window._sf_endpt = (new Date()).getTime(); var e = doc.createElement(‘script’); e.setAttribute(‘language’, ‘javascript’); e.setAttribute(‘kind’, ‘textual content/javascript’); e.setAttribute(‘src’,’//static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js’); doc.physique.appendChild(e); };var oldonload = window.onload;window.onload = (typeof window.onload != ‘perform’) ?loadChartbeat : perform(){ oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); };})();rnrn// parsleyrnconst head = doc.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)[0];rnconst parsleyScript = doc.createElement(“script”);rnparsleyScript.kind = “textual content/javascript”;rnparsleyScript.src = “//cdn.parsely.com/keys/quantamagazine.org/p.js”;rnparsleyScript.id = “parsley-cfg”;rn// finish parsleyrnrn//smartlookrn window.smartlook||(perform(d) {rn var o=smartlook=perform(){ o.api.push(arguments)},h=d.getElementsByTagName(‘head’)[0];rn var c=d.createElement(‘script’);o.api=new Array();c.async=true;c.kind=”textual content/javascript”;rn c.charset=”utf-8″;c.src=” })(doc);rn smartlook(‘init’, ‘3bac9c73fbc7f7f1c527d035a117e2b66f7c3e30’);rnrn// Google Adverts conversionsrn window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];rn perform gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);}rn gtag(‘js’, new Date());rnrn gtag(‘config’, ‘AW-10788252298′);rnrn} else {rn(perform(i,s,o,g,r,a,m)perform()[]).push(arguments),i[r].l=1*new Date();a=s.createElement(o),rnm=s.getElementsByTagName(o)[0];a.async=1;a.src=g;m.parentNode.insertBefore(a,m)rn)(window,doc,’script’,’ ‘UA-8526335-13’, { storage: ‘none’ });rnga(‘set’, ‘anonymizeIp’, true);rnga(‘set’, ‘forceSSL’, true);rnga(‘require’, ‘displayfeatures’);rnga(‘ship’,’pageview’);rn}rnu003c/script>rn”,”google_analytics”:null,”tracking_scripts_no_cookie”:null,”google_analytics_no_cookie”:null,”popular_searches”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.0″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.1″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.2″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.popular_searches.3″,”typename”:”PopularSearch”}],”search_topics”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.0″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.1″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.2″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.3″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.4″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.5″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.6″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.7″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_topics.8″,”typename”:”SearchTopic”}],”search_sections”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.1″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.2″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.options.acf.search_sections.3″,”typename”:”Term”}],”search_authors”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38171″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:28087″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:29794″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39302″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:56″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:29458″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:73″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39164″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:59″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8728″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:11648″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42689″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:95″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15493″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:450″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:36490″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16315″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2752″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15492″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:68″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:62″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13684″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13691″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:50″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15142″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8084″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:742″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:11543″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:57″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7262″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:70″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19918″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13695″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32676″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13724″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26310″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:30207″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19266″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13251″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17000″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17149″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5279″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:58″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32612″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:27534″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:25173″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:64″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:47″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14784″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:98″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5830″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:6793″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:75″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:52″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:69″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:77″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19092″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20557″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:66″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:46418″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:85″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37141″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44758″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12170″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:51″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44787″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:72″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16475″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:91″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:10351″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:31716″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1241″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:8463″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:49″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:16815″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:67″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37462″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:87″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:36139″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20556″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:90″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39551″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:27374″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:40″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:45758″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38413″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12570″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38699″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23451″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:79″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:60″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2333″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3569″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:414″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20495″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17147″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:30953″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:32437″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:38705″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:40613″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7186″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:34″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:74″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19093″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1472″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:6476″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42264″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:10″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37605″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:43298″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:37428″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:19962″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1816″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:84″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:55″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:31″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24011″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:100″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2784″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26114″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:9412″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:820″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:1666″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:20950″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:48″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:80″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15681″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:24577″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:78″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:23845″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:83″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:35441″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:76″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15680″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:7239″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:44197″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:65″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:5944″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:61″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:63″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:26311″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:71″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17148″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:13356″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:17150″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:39768″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:2960″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:14785″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:54″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:88″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:12964″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:53″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:86″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:3244″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:89″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:15913″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:42263″,”typename”:”AuthorList”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”AuthorList:45757″,”typename”:”AuthorList”}]},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices”:{“acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf”,”typename”:”ThemeOptions”},”__typename”:”Choices”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″,”kind”:””}).knowledge.0.acf”:{“custom_page_colors”:””,”page_accent_color”:null,”page_text_color”:null,”page_background_color”:null,”header_type”:”default”,”header_gradient_color”:null,”header_gradient_opacity”:null,”header_solid_colors”:””,”header_solid_primary_color”:null,”header_solid_secondary_color”:null,”header_solid_hover_color”:null,”header_transparent_colors”:null,”header_transparent_primary_color”:null,”header_transparent_secondary_color”:null,”header_transparent_hover_color”:null,”__typename”:”ACFFields”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″,”kind”:””}).knowledge.0″:{“acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″,”kind”:””}).knowledge.0.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Submit”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″,”kind”:””})”:{“knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″,”type”:””}).data.0″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPageMeta({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″,”kind”:””})”:{“redirect_path”:null,”meta”:”u003cmeta identify=”description” content material=”Robots can surpass the constraints on how excessive and much animals can leap, however their success solely underscores nature’s ingenuity in taking advantage of what’s obtainable.” />nu003cmeta property=”og:picture” content material=” />nu003cmeta property=”og:picture:width” content material=”520″ />nu003cmeta property=”og:picture:top” content material=”292″ />nu003cmeta property=”og:picture:alt” content material=”A frog leaps out of the body of the video.” />nu003cmeta property=”og:locale” content material=”en_US” />nu003cmeta property=”og:kind” content material=”article” />nu003cmeta property=”og:title” content material=”Document-Breaking Robotic Highlights How Animals Excel at Leaping | Quanta Journal” />nu003cmeta property=”og:description” content material=”Robots can surpass the constraints on how excessive and much animals can leap, however their success solely underscores nature’s ingenuity in taking advantage of what’s obtainable.” />nu003cmeta property=”og:url” content material=” />nu003cmeta property=”og:site_name” content material=”Quanta Journal” />nu003cmeta property=”og:updated_time” content material=”2022-09-14T15:15+00:00″ />nu003cmeta property=”article:writer” content material=” />nu003cmeta property=”fb:app_id” content material=”533309373681765″ />nu003cmeta property=”article:published_time” content material=”2022-09-14T14:33+00:00″ />nu003cmeta property=”article:modified_time” content material=”2022-09-14T15:15+00:00″ />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:card” content material=”summary_large_image” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:website” content material=”@QuantaMagazine” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:title” content material=”Document-Breaking Robotic Highlights How Animals Excel at Leaping | Quanta Journal” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:description” content material=”Robots can surpass the constraints on how excessive and much animals can leap, however their success solely underscores nature’s ingenuity in taking advantage of what’s obtainable.” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:picture” content material=” />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:picture:width” content material=”520″ />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:picture:top” content material=”292″ />nu003cmeta identify=”twitter:picture:alt” content material=”A frog leaps out of the body of the video.” />nu003clink rel=”canonical” href=” />nu003cscript kind=”utility/ld+json”>{“@context”:”https://schema.org”,”@kind”:”BreadcrumbList”,”itemListElement”:[{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:1,”item”: Science and Math News”},{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:2,”item”:{“@id”:” News, Interviews and Columns From Quanta Magazine”}},{“@type”:”ListItem”,”position”:3,”item”:{“@id”:”,”name”:”Record-Breaking Robot Highlights How Animals Excel at Jumping”}}]}u003c/script>n”,”__typename”:”PageMeta”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.social_media_links.0″:{“kind”:”fb”,”label”:”Fb”,”url”:” Pleasure of Why”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-why”,”description”:”The mathematician and writer Steven Strogatz interviews main researchers in regards to the nice scientific and mathematical questions of our time.”,”featured_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.featured_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”square_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.0.square_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” Science Podcast”,”slug”:”podcast”,”description”:”Susan Valot narrates in-depth information episodes primarily based on u003ci>Quanta Magazineu003c/i>’s articles about arithmetic, physics, biology and laptop science. “,”featured_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.featured_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”square_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.1.square_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” Pleasure of x”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-x”,”description”:”The acclaimed mathematician and writer Steven Strogatz interviews among the world’s main scientists about their lives and work.”,”featured_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.featured_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”square_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.channels.2.square_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:” holes”,”label”:”Black Holes”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.popular_searches.3″:{“time period”:”evolution”,”label”:”Evolution”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0″:{“kind”:”Tag”,”label”:”Podcasts”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.tag”:{“identify”:”podcast”,”slug”:”podcast”,”term_id”:”552″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.0.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1″:{“kind”:”Tag”,”label”:”Columns”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.tag”:{“identify”:”Quantized Columns”,”slug”:”quantized”,”term_id”:”551″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.1.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2″:{“kind”:”Collection”,”label”:”Collection”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.2.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3″:{“kind”:”Class”,”label”:”Interviews”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.tag”:{“identify”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”567″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.3.class”:{“identify”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”176″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4″:{“kind”:”Class”,”label”:”Multimedia”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.4.class”:{“identify”:”Multimedia”,”slug”:”multimedia”,”term_id”:”43″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5″:{“kind”:”Class”,”label”:”Puzzles”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.tag”:{“identify”:”puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”542″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.5.class”:{“identify”:”Puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”546″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6″:{“kind”:”Class”,”label”:”Weblog Posts”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.6.class”:{“identify”:”Abstractions weblog”,”slug”:”abstractions”,”term_id”:”619″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7″:{“kind”:”information”,”label”:”Information Articles”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.7.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8″:{“kind”:”movies”,”label”:”Movies”,”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.tag”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.class”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.tag”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_topics.8.class”:{“identify”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.0″:{“identify”:”Arithmetic”,”slug”:”arithmetic”,”term_id”:”188″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.1″:{“identify”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”term_id”:”189″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.2″:{“identify”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”term_id”:”191″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$ROOT_QUERY.choices.acf.search_sections.3″:{“identify”:”Laptop Science”,”slug”:”computer-science”,”term_id”:”190″,”__typename”:”Time period”},”AuthorList:38171″:{“id”:”38171″,”identify”:”Adam Becker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:28087″:{“id”:”28087″,”identify”:”Adam Mann”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:29794″:{“id”:”29794″,”identify”:”Alex Kontorovich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39302″:{“id”:”39302″,”identify”:”Alexander Hellemans”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:56″:{“id”:”56″,”identify”:”Alla Katsnelson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:29458″:{“id”:”29458″,”identify”:”Allison Whitten”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:73″:{“id”:”73″,”identify”:”Amanda Gefter”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39164″:{“id”:”39164″,”identify”:”Ana Kova”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:59″:{“id”:”59″,”identify”:”Andreas von Bubnoff”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8728″:{“id”:”8728″,”identify”:”Anil Ananthaswamy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:11648″:{“id”:”11648″,”identify”:”Ann Finkbeiner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42689″:{“id”:”42689″,”identify”:”Annie Melchor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:95″:{“id”:”95″,”identify”:”Ariel Bleicher”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15493″:{“id”:”15493″,”identify”:”Ashley Good”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:450″:{“id”:”450″,”identify”:”Ashley Yeager”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:36490″:{“id”:”36490″,”identify”:”Ben Brubaker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16315″:{“id”:”16315″,”identify”:”Invoice Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2752″:{“id”:”2752″,”identify”:”Bob Henderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15492″:{“id”:”15492″,”identify”:”Brendan Z. Foster”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:68″:{“id”:”68″,”identify”:”Brooke Borel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:62″:{“id”:”62″,”identify”:”Carl Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13684″:{“id”:”13684″,”identify”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13691″:{“id”:”13691″,”identify”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:50″:{“id”:”50″,”identify”:”Carrie Arnold”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15142″:{“id”:”15142″,”identify”:”Chanda Prescod-Weinstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8084″:{“id”:”8084″,”identify”:”Charlie Wooden”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:742″:{“id”:”742″,”identify”:”Christie Wilcox”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:11543″:{“id”:”11543″,”identify”:”Claudia Dreifus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:57″:{“id”:”57″,”identify”:”Courtney Humphries”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7262″:{“id”:”7262″,”identify”:”Dalmeet Singh Chawla”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:70″:{“id”:”70″,”identify”:”Dan Falk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19918″:{“id”:”19918″,”identify”:”Dana Najjar”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13695″:{“id”:”13695″,”identify”:”Daniel Garisto”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32676″:{“id”:”32676″,”identify”:”Daniel S. Freed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13724″:{“id”:”13724″,”identify”:”David H. Freedman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26310″:{“id”:”26310″,”identify”:”David S. Richeson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:30207″:{“id”:”30207″,”identify”:”David Tse”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19266″:{“id”:”19266″,”identify”:”Devin Powell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13251″:{“id”:”13251″,”identify”:”Diana Kwon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17000″:{“id”:”17000″,”identify”:”Elena Renken”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17149″:{“id”:”17149″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Landau”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5279″:{“id”:”5279″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Preston”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:58″:{“id”:”58″,”identify”:”Elizabeth Svoboda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32612″:{“id”:”32612″,”identify”:”Ellen Horne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:27534″:{“id”:”27534″,”identify”:”Emily Buder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:25173″:{“id”:”25173″,”identify”:”Emily Levesque”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:64″:{“id”:”64″,”identify”:”Emily Singer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:47″:{“id”:”47″,”identify”:”Erica Klarreich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14784″:{“id”:”14784″,”identify”:”Erika Okay. Carlson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:98″:{“id”:”98″,”identify”:”Esther Landhuis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5830″:{“id”:”5830″,”identify”:”Eva Silverstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:6793″:{“id”:”6793″,”identify”:”Evelyn Lamb”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:75″:{“id”:”75″,”identify”:”Ferris Jabr”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:52″:{“id”:”52″,”identify”:”Frank Wilczek”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:69″:{“id”:”69″,”identify”:”Gabriel Popkin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:77″:{“id”:”77″,”identify”:”George Musser”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19092″:{“id”:”19092″,”identify”:”Grant Sanderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20557″:{“id”:”20557″,”identify”:”Howard Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:66″:{“id”:”66″,”identify”:”Ingrid Daubechies”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:46418″:{“id”:”46418″,”identify”:”Ingrid Wickelgren”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:85″:{“id”:”85″,”identify”:”Ivan Amato”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37141″:{“id”:”37141″,”identify”:”Jake Buehler”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44758″:{“id”:”44758″,”identify”:”James Dinneen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12170″:{“id”:”12170″,”identify”:”Janna Levin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32″:{“id”:”32″,”identify”:”Jeanette Kazmierczak”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:51″:{“id”:”51″,”identify”:”Jennifer Ouellette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44787″:{“id”:”44787″,”identify”:”Joanna Thompson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:72″:{“id”:”72″,”identify”:”John Pavlus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16475″:{“id”:”16475″,”identify”:”John Preskill”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:91″:{“id”:”91″,”identify”:”John Rennie”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:10351″:{“id”:”10351″,”identify”:”Jonathan Lambert”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:31716″:{“id”:”31716″,”identify”:”Jonathan O’Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1241″:{“id”:”1241″,”identify”:”Jordana Cepelewicz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:8463″:{“id”:”8463″,”identify”:”Joshua Roebke”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:49″:{“id”:”49″,”identify”:”Joshua Sokol”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:16815″:{“id”:”16815″,”identify”:”jye”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:67″:{“id”:”67″,”identify”:”Okay.C. Cole”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37462″:{“id”:”37462″,”identify”:”Karmela Padavic-Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:87″:{“id”:”87″,”identify”:”Kat McGowan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:36139″:{“id”:”36139″,”identify”:”Katarina Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20556″:{“id”:”20556″,”identify”:”Katherine Harmon Braveness”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:90″:{“id”:”90″,”identify”:”Katia Moskvitch”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39551″:{“id”:”39551″,”identify”:”Katie McCormick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:27374″:{“id”:”27374″,”identify”:”Kelsey Houston-Edwards”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:40″:{“id”:”40″,”identify”:”Kevin Hartnett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:45758″:{“id”:”45758″,”identify”:”Kristina Armitage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38413″:{“id”:”38413″,”identify”:”Lakshmi Chandrasekaran”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12570″:{“id”:”12570″,”identify”:”Laura Poppick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38699″:{“id”:”38699″,”identify”:”Leila Sloman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23451″:{“id”:”23451″,”identify”:”Liam Drew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:79″:{“id”:”79″,”identify”:”Liz Kruesi”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38″:{“id”:”38″,”identify”:”Lucy Studying-Ikkanda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:60″:{“id”:”60″,”identify”:”Maggie McKee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2333″:{“id”:”2333″,”identify”:”Mallory Locklear”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3569″:{“id”:”3569″,”identify”:”Marcus Woo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:414″:{“id”:”414″,”identify”:”Mark Kim-Mulgrew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20495″:{“id”:”20495″,”identify”:”Matt Carlstrom”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17147″:{“id”:”17147″,”identify”:”Matthew Hutson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:30953″:{“id”:”30953″,”identify”:”Max G. Levy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:32437″:{“id”:”32437″,”identify”:”Max Kozlov”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:38705″:{“id”:”38705″,”identify”:”mcho”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:40613″:{“id”:”40613″,”identify”:”Melanie Mitchell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7186″:{“id”:”7186″,”identify”:”Melinda Wenner Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14093″:{“id”:”14093″,”identify”:”Michael Harris”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:34″:{“id”:”34″,”identify”:”Michael Kranz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23″:{“id”:”23″,”identify”:”Michael Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:74″:{“id”:”74″,”identify”:”Michael Nielsen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19093″:{“id”:”19093″,”identify”:”Michele Bannister”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1472″:{“id”:”1472″,”identify”:”Moira Chas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:6476″:{“id”:”6476″,”identify”:”Monique Brouillette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42264″:{“id”:”42264″,”identify”:”Mordechai Rorvig”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:10″:{“id”:”10″,”identify”:”Natalie Wolchover”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37605″:{“id”:”37605″,”identify”:”Nick Thieme”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:43298″:{“id”:”43298″,”identify”:”Nicole Yunger Halpern”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:37428″:{“id”:”37428″,”identify”:”Nima Arkani-Hamed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:19962″:{“id”:”19962″,”identify”:”Nola Taylor Redd”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24″:{“id”:”24″,”identify”:”Olena Shmahalo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1816″:{“id”:”1816″,”identify”:”Patrick Honner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:84″:{“id”:”84″,”identify”:”Peter Byrne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:55″:{“id”:”55″,”identify”:”Philip Ball”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:31″:{“id”:”31″,”identify”:”Pradeep Mutalik”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24011″:{“id”:”24011″,”identify”:”Puja Changoiwala”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:100″:{“id”:”100″,”identify”:”Quanta Journal”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2784″:{“id”:”2784″,”identify”:”R. Douglas Fields”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26114″:{“id”:”26114″,”identify”:”Rachel Crowell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:9412″:{“id”:”9412″,”identify”:”Raleigh McElvery”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:820″:{“id”:”820″,”identify”:”Ramin Skibba”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:1666″:{“id”:”1666″,”identify”:”Rebecca Boyle”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:20950″:{“id”:”20950″,”identify”:”Richard Masland”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:48″:{“id”:”48″,”identify”:”Robbert Dijkgraaf”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:80″:{“id”:”80″,”identify”:”Roberta Kwok”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15681″:{“id”:”15681″,”identify”:”Robin George Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:24577″:{“id”:”24577″,”identify”:”Rodrigo Pérez Ortega”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:78″:{“id”:”78″,”identify”:”Sabine Hossenfelder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:23845″:{“id”:”23845″,”identify”:”Samuel Velasco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:83″:{“id”:”83″,”identify”:”Sarah Lewin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:35441″:{“id”:”35441″,”identify”:”Scott Aaronson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:76″:{“id”:”76″,”identify”:”Sean B. Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15680″:{“id”:”15680″,”identify”:”Sean Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:7239″:{“id”:”7239″,”identify”:”Shannon Corridor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:44197″:{“id”:”44197″,”identify”:”Sheon Han”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:65″:{“id”:”65″,”identify”:”Siobhan Roberts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:5944″:{“id”:”5944″,”identify”:”Sophia Chen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:61″:{“id”:”61″,”identify”:”Steph Yin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:63″:{“id”:”63″,”identify”:”Stephanie Bucklin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:26311″:{“id”:”26311″,”identify”:”Stephanie DeMarco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:71″:{“id”:”71″,”identify”:”Stephen Ornes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17148″:{“id”:”17148″,”identify”:”Steve Nadis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:13356″:{“id”:”13356″,”identify”:”Steven Strogatz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:17150″:{“id”:”17150″,”identify”:”Susan D’Agostino”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:39768″:{“id”:”39768″,”identify”:”Tamar Lichter Blanks”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:2960″:{“id”:”2960″,”identify”:”Tara C. Smith”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:14785″:{“id”:”14785″,”identify”:”Thomas Lewton”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3″:{“id”:”3″,”identify”:”Thomas Lin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:54″:{“id”:”54″,”identify”:”Tim Vernimmen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:88″:{“id”:”88″,”identify”:”Tom Siegfried”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:12964″:{“id”:”12964″,”identify”:”Vanessa Schipani”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:53″:{“id”:”53″,”identify”:”Veronique Greenwood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:86″:{“id”:”86″,”identify”:”Virginia Hughes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:3244″:{“id”:”3244″,”identify”:”Viviane Callier”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:89″:{“id”:”89″,”identify”:”Wynne Parry”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:15913″:{“id”:”15913″,”identify”:”XiaoZhi Lim”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:42263″:{“id”:”42263″,”identify”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”AuthorList:45757″:{“id”:”45757″,”identify”:”Zack Savitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).objects.0″:{“title”:”About Quanta”,”url”:” Us”,”url”:” & Situations”,”url”:” Coverage”,”url”:” Basis”,”url”:”http://www.simonsfoundation.org”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”})”:{“objects”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”footer”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.0″:{“title”:”Physics”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/physics/”,”order”:1,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.1″:{“title”:”Arithmetic”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/arithmetic/”,”order”:2,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.2″:{“title”:”Biology”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/biology/”,”order”:3,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.3″:{“title”:”Laptop Science”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/computer-science/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.4″:{“title”:”Matters”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/subjects”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).objects.5″:{“title”:”Archive”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/archive/”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”})”:{“objects”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”main-menu”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.0″:{“title”:”Weblog”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/abstractions/”,”order”:1,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.1″:{“title”:”Q&A”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/qa/”,”order”:2,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.2″:{“title”:”Columns”,”url”:”/tag/quantized”,”order”:3,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.3″:{“title”:”Puzzles”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/puzzles/”,”order”:4,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.4″:{“title”:”Podcasts”,”url”:”/podcasts/”,”order”:5,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.5″:{“title”:”Movies”,”url”:”/movies”,”order”:6,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.6″:{“title”:”Multimedia”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/multimedia/”,”order”:7,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).objects.7″:{“title”:”About Quanta”,”url”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/about/”,”order”:8,”__typename”:”MenuItem”},”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”})”:{“objects”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.0″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.1″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.2″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.3″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.4″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.5″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.6″,”typename”:”MenuItem”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.menu({“slug”:”secondary-menu”}).items.7″,”typename”:”MenuItem”}],”__typename”:”Menu”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″})”:{“kind”:”put up”,”meta”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″}).meta”,”typename”:”PageData”},”knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Post:118755″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”},”$ROOT_QUERY.getPostPageArchive({“slug”:”record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914″}).meta”:{“title”:”Document-Breaking Robotic Highlights How Animals Excel at Leaping | Quanta Journal”,”max_num_pages”:0,”found_posts”:0,”extra_term”:””,”writer”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Writer:null”,”typename”:”Writer”},”tag”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Time period:null”,”typename”:”Time period”},”class”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Time period:null”,”typename”:”Time period”},”__typename”:”PageData”},”Writer:null”:{“id”:null,”identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”description”:null,”url”:null,”public_email”:null,”fb”:null,”twitter”:null,”instagram”:null,”acf”:null,”__typename”:”Writer”},”Time period:null”:{“id”:null,”slug”:null,”identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”description”:null,”picture”:””,”__typename”:”Time period”},”Submit:118755″:{“id”:”118755″,”title”:”Document-Breaking Robotic Highlights How Animals Excel at Leaping”,”excerpt”:”u003cp>Robots can surpass the constraints on how excessive and much animals can leap, however their success solely underscores nature’s ingenuity in taking advantage of what’s obtainable.u003c/p>n”,”hyperlink”:” https://www.quantamagazine.org/?p=118755″,”date”:”2022-09-14T10:33:10″,”featured_media_image”:null,”authors”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:118755.authors.0″,”typename”:”Author”}],”tags”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:118755.tags.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:118755.tags.1″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:118755.tags.2″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:118755.tags.3″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:118755.tags.4″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”Post:118755.tags.5″,”typename”:”Term”}],”podcast”:null,”acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Submit”,”standing”:”publish”,”content material”:””,”classes”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:false,”id”:”Term:191″,”typename”:”Term”}],”attachments”:null,”series_prev”:null,”series_next”:null,”subsequent”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.subsequent”,”typename”:”PostPageArchive”}},”Submit:118755.authors.0″:{“identify”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/authors/yasemin-saplakoglu/”,”__typename”:”Writer”,”acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.authors.0.acf”,”typename”:”AuthorACF”}},”Submit:118755.tags.0″:{“slug”:”animals”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”animals”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/animals/”},”Submit:118755.tags.1″:{“slug”:”biology”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”biology”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/biology/”},”Submit:118755.tags.2″:{“slug”:”biomechanics”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”biomechanics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/biomechanics/”},”Submit:118755.tags.3″:{“slug”:”biophysics”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”biophysics”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/biophysics/”},”Submit:118755.tags.4″:{“slug”:”evolution”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”evolution”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/evolution/”},”Submit:118755.tags.5″:{“slug”:”explainers”,”__typename”:”Time period”,”identify”:”explainers”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/tag/explainers/”},”$Submit:118755.acf”:{“featured_block_title”:””,”kicker”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.kicker”,”typename”:”Time period”},”featured_image_default”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.featured_image_default”,”typename”:”Picture”},”featured_image_square”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.featured_image_square”,”typename”:”Picture”},”featured_image_full_width”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.featured_image_full_width”,”typename”:”Picture”},”featured_image_gif”:false,”featured_video”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Leaping-Biology_2880x1220_HP.mp4″,”full_page_interactive”:false,”podcast_publish_date”:””,”__typename”:”ACFFields”,”interactive_type”:null,”iframe_url”:null,”return_cursor”:null,”exclude_blurb”:null,”interactive_html”:null,”interactive_css”:null,”interactive_js”:null,”interactive_blurb”:null,”related_article”:null,”modules”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.0″,”typename”:”ACFCode”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.1″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.2″,”typename”:”ACFCode”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.3″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.4″,”typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.5″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.6″,”typename”:”ACFCode”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.7″,”typename”:”ACFContent”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.8″,”typename”:”ACFCode”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.9″,”typename”:”ACFContent”}],”template”:”article”,”subtitle”:”Robots can surpass the constraints on how excessive and much animals can leap, however their success solely underscores nature’s ingenuity in taking advantage of what’s obtainable.”,”title_layout”:”default”,”title_background_type”:null,”title_background_image”:null,”title_background_video”:null,”title_background_attribution”:null,”title_background_image_gif”:null,”title_overlay_enable”:null,”title_overlay_color”:null,”title_overlay_opacity”:null,”title_text_color”:null,”featured_image_attribution”:”u003cp data-pm-slice=”1 1 []”>Artbeats Specific/Shutterstocku003c/p>n”,”featured_overlay_enable”:”false”,”featured_overlay_color”:null,”featured_overlay_opacity”:null,”collection”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.collection”,”typename”:”Time period”},”intro_content”:null,”make_image_full_width”:null,”hide_ad_on_post”:false},”$Submit:118755.acf.kicker”:{“identify”:”biomechanics”,”hyperlink”:” frog leaps out of the body of the video.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” frog leaps out of the body of the video.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” frog leaps out of the body of the video.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Author”,”avatar”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.authors.0.acf.avatar”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”AuthorACF”},”$Submit:118755.authors.0.acf.avatar”:{“alt”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”caption”:””,”url”:” src=” autoplay=”autoplay” muted=”true” loop=”true” playsinline=”true” width=”100%” poster=” the animal kingdom, evolution has discovered methods to inventively increase creatures’ skill to leap.u003c/p>n”,”attribution”:”u003cp data-pm-slice=”1 1 []”>Artbeats Specific/Shutterstocku003c/p>n”,”mobile_code”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”fadein”:false,”large_margin”:false,”placeholder”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.0.placeholder”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”ACFCode”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.0.placeholder”:{“alt”:null,”top”:null,”width”:null,”url”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.0.placeholder.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.0.placeholder.sizes”:{“giant”:null,”large_width”:null,”large_height”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.1″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:true,”content material”:”u003cp>In the summertime of 2021, atop the coastal cliffs of Santa Barbara, California, Chris Keeley, then an undergraduate on the close by college, crouched to drag a bundle of metallic and rubber out of his backpack. It was a robotic, which he spent a number of minutes winding up.u003c/p>nu003cp>When he was executed, he hit report on his iPhone’s digicam and watched the robotic launch itself excessive into the air, draw a tall arc within the sky and land neatly close to his ft. Keeley was relieved; many earlier check jumps had failed. It wasn’t till later that night time when he returned to his bed room and downloaded the leap knowledge onto his laptop computer that he realized simply how nicely it had labored.u003c/p>nu003cp>The jumper had reached a record-breaking top of about 32.9 meters, as Keeley and his collaborators, led by u003ca href=” Hawkesu003c/a>, a mechanical engineering researcher on the College of California, Santa Barbara, u003ca href=” in Aprilu003c/a> in u003cem>Natureu003c/em>. Not solely had it jumped greater than thrice increased than different experimental robots constructed for that process, it had jumped greater than 14 instances increased than some other creature within the animal kingdom. In all chance, their robotic jumped increased than something ever had on Earth.u003c/p>nu003cp>“I believe this is without doubt one of the only a few robots that really does outperform biology, and the way in which that it outperforms biology is extremely intelligent,” mentioned u003ca href=” St. Pierreu003c/a>, an assistant professor within the division of mechanical and aerospace engineering on the College of Buffalo who was not concerned within the examine.u003c/p>nu003cp>The success of the robotic highlights the bodily limitations that organic jumpers face within the wild. Although these limitations preserve people from hopping to the grocery retailer as in the event that they’re on pogo sticks and stop frogs from falling out of the clouds, biology has give you its personal ingenious workarounds that push leap top and size so far as they’ll go, by small biomechanical tweaks tailor-made for every animal’s leaping wants.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.2″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”code”,”format”:”regular”,”code”:”u003cvideo src=” autoplay=”autoplay” muted=”true” loop=”true” playsinline=”true” width=”100%”>u003c/video>rn”,”caption”:”u003cp>Engineers have constructed a leaping robotic that far surpasses any residing jumper (video, left). Ratchets and comes allow the robotic to retailer power steadily, then launch it , sending the robotic to a record-breaking top of over 32 meters (proper).u003c/p>n”,”attribution”:”u003cp>Courtesy of Elliot Hawkesu003c/p>n”,”mobile_code”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”fadein”:false,”large_margin”:false,”placeholder”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.2.placeholder”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”ACFCode”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.2.placeholder”:{“alt”:null,”top”:null,”width”:null,”url”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.2.placeholder.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.2.placeholder.sizes”:{“giant”:null,”large_width”:null,”large_height”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.3″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003cp>Even the engineers behind the world’s best jumper are nonetheless in awe of biology’s personal designs. Now, “all over the place I look I see leaping,” Keeley mentioned. “I can’t assist myself.”u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>The Act of Jumpingu003c/robust>u003c/h2>nu003cp>A leap is an act of motion attributable to the applying of drive to the bottom with out the lack of any mass, the researchers wrote; thus a rocket, which loses gasoline upon launch, or an arrow, which leaves its bow, doesn’t depend.u003c/p>nu003cp>Muscular tissues are the organic motors that present the power for actions. In an effort to leap, you crouch down, contracting your calves and different muscle tissue, a course of that converts chemical power obtainable within the muscle tissue to u003ca href=” energyu003c/a>. Tendons, stretchy tissues that join muscle tissue to the skeleton, transmit that mechanical power to the bones, which use that power to push towards the bottom to propel the physique upward.u003c/p>nu003cp>Leaping works in surprisingly comparable methods throughout sizes and scales within the animal kingdom — however some biomechanical design quirks enable sure creatures to push the organic limits. The facility of a leap is equal to how a lot power is accessible to the leaping mechanism per unit of time throughout push-off. The extra power your muscle tissue generate and the sooner you get off the bottom, the extra highly effective the leap shall be.u003c/p>nu003cp>However as animals get smaller, their legs get shorter and are involved with the bottom for much less time throughout launch. They due to this fact want to have the ability to launch the power for a leap with explosive suddenness. For these smaller creatures, nature got here up with a artistic resolution: storing a lot of the leap power in extremely elastic tissues that u003ca href=” as organic springsu003c/a>, defined u003ca href=” Suttonu003c/a>, a professor and analysis fellow on the College of Lincoln in England.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.4″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”image_component”,”format”:”full”,”settings”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Stephen Dalton/Science Sourceu003c/p>n”,”caption”:”u003cp>Galagos, or bush infants, can leap phenomenally nicely due to extraordinarily stretchy tendons of their legs.u003c/p>n”,”mobile_comp_caption”:””,”mobile_comp_attribution”:””,”units”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.acf.modules.4.sets.0″,”typename”:”ImageSet”}],”__typename”:”ACFImageComponent”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.4.units.0″:{“settings”:””,”picture”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_side_margins”:false,”mobile_width_constraint”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.4.units.0.zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”zoom_caption”:””,”zoom_attribution”:””,”mobile_zoom_image”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.4.units.0.mobile_zoom_image”,”typename”:”Picture”},”mobile_zoom_caption”:””,”mobile_zoom_attribution”:””,”external_link”:””,”__typename”:”ImageSet”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.4.units.0.picture”:{“alt”:”A composite picture displaying frames of a galago in mid-jump towards a black background.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” snapping again to their authentic size, springs can launch that saved power a lot sooner than muscle tissue can, which will increase the ability obtainable for the leap. Consequently, among the highest jumpers within the organic world are ones that use springs.u003c/p>nu003cp>For instance, a grasshopper shops the power of its hind leg muscle tissue in springs positioned on the joints. These springs, which seem like lima beans, allow the grasshopper to place 20 to 40 instances extra energy per unit of mass into its leap than a human muscle can. Although the grasshopper’s whole energy is way lower than a leaping human generates, its energy density, or energy per unit of mass, is far increased. Consequently, the grasshopper can leap to a top of about 0.5 meters — the identical on common that people can, however dozens of instances the grasshopper’s physique size.u003c/p>nu003cp>The facility enhance that grasshoppers get from their springs pales as compared with what another tiny jumpers can muster. Fleas can obtain 80 to 100 instances the ability density of human muscle tissue, whereas the bugs known as froghoppers can generate 600 to 700 instances as a lot. The froghoppers’ secret is that their spring for storing leap power is of their thorax; the additional distance for muscle contraction permits the supply of extra energy. “It’d be as in case your hip muscle tissue, as an alternative of attaching to your pelvis, connected to your shoulders,” Sutton mentioned.u003c/p>nu003cdiv id=’component-6323706e09949′ class=””>u003cscript kind=”textual content/template”>{“kind”:”Picture”,”id”:”component-6323706e09949″,”knowledge”:{“id”:118803,”src”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”alt”:”A comparability of three leaping mechanisms: leaping pushed straight by muscle tissue, leaping pushed by muscle power saved in a spring, and leaping in a ratcheted system with springs.”,”class”:””,”width”:0,”top”:0,”mobileSrc”:{“ID”:118802,”id”:118802,”title”:”JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular”,”filename”:”JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”filesize”:476261,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914/jumping_biology_2_560-mobile/”,”alt”:”A comparability of three leaping mechanisms: leaping pushed straight by muscle tissue, leaping pushed by muscle power saved in a spring, and leaping in a ratcheted system with springs.”,”writer”:”42689″,”description”:””,”caption”:””,”identify”:”jumping_biology_2_560-mobile”,”standing”:”inherit”,”uploaded_to”:118755,”date”:”2022-09-14 14:26:05″,”modified”:”2022-09-14 14:26:30″,”menu_order”:0,”mime_type”:”picture/svg+xml”,”kind”:”picture”,”subtype”:”svg+xml”,”icon”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/wp-includes/pictures/media/default.png”,”width”:0,”top”:0,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”thumbnail-width”:1,”thumbnail-height”:1,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”medium-width”:1,”medium-height”:1,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”medium_large-width”:1,”medium_large-height”:1,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”large-width”:1,”large-height”:1,”1536×1536″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”1536×1536-width”:1,”1536×1536-height”:1,”2048×2048″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”2048×2048-width”:1,”2048×2048-height”:1,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”square_small-width”:1,”square_small-height”:1,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Cellular.svg”,”square_large-width”:1,”square_large-height”:1}},”zoomSrc”:false,”mobileZoomSrc”:false,”align”:”align=”inline””,”wrapper_width”:””,”caption”:””,”attribution”:”u003cp>Merrill Sherman/Quanta Magazineu003c/p>n”,”variant”:”shortcode”,”measurement”:”extensive”,”disableZoom”:true,”disableMobileZoom”:false,”srcImage”:{“ID”:118803,”id”:118803,”title”:”JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop”,”filename”:”JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”filesize”:349163,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914/jumping_biology_2_560-desktop/”,”alt”:”A comparability of three leaping mechanisms: leaping pushed straight by muscle tissue, leaping pushed by muscle power saved in a spring, and leaping in a ratcheted system with springs.”,”writer”:”42689″,”description”:””,”caption”:””,”identify”:”jumping_biology_2_560-desktop”,”standing”:”inherit”,”uploaded_to”:118755,”date”:”2022-09-14 14:26:05″,”modified”:”2022-09-14 14:26:28″,”menu_order”:0,”mime_type”:”picture/svg+xml”,”kind”:”picture”,”subtype”:”svg+xml”,”icon”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/wp-includes/pictures/media/default.png”,”width”:0,”top”:0,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”thumbnail-width”:1,”thumbnail-height”:1,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”medium-width”:1,”medium-height”:1,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”medium_large-width”:1,”medium_large-height”:1,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”large-width”:1,”large-height”:1,”1536×1536″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”1536×1536-width”:1,”1536×1536-height”:1,”2048×2048″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”2048×2048-width”:1,”2048×2048-height”:1,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”square_small-width”:1,”square_small-height”:1,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/JUMPING_BIOLOGY_2_560-Desktop.svg”,”square_large-width”:1,”square_large-height”:1}},”largeForPrint”:true,”externalLink”:””,”original_resolution”:false}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>Some animals, equivalent to kangaroos, don’t have separate springs of their biomechanical design, however they’ve extra elastic muscular methods, equivalent to tendons that retailer lots of power for leaping increased. The lesser galago, as an example — a celebrity jumper amongst vertebrates — has extraordinarily stretchy tendons with which it will probably leap greater than 2 meters excessive, and as much as 12 instances its physique size. (Human tendons retailer a little bit little bit of power and may act like springs, however they aren’t remotely as efficient because the springier variations in different animals.)u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>Ratcheting u003c/robust>u003c/h2>nu003cp>For not less than half a century, researchers have analyzed the efficiency of a few of these superb organic jumpers to tell their designs of mechanical jumpers. However this new examine may mark the primary time that engineers designing mechanical jumpers have realized that “you don’t must do what biology is doing,” mentioned u003ca href=” Pateku003c/a>, a professor of biology at Duke College.u003c/p>nu003cp>The brand new robotic reached report leap heights by overcoming a constraint on organic designs and doing what animals can’t. “Muscular tissues can not ratchet,” Sutton mentioned. Even when muscle tissue switch the power of their contraction to an connected spring, once they lengthen once more, that power is launched. The power obtainable to drive a leap is due to this fact restricted to what one flex of a muscle can present.u003c/p>nu003cp>However within the wind-up robotic, a latch holds the stretched spring in place between cranking actions, so saved power retains increase. This ratcheting course of multiplies the quantity of saved power obtainable for launching the eventual leap. Moreover, Sutton mentioned, the sq. cross part of the robotic’s spring permits it to retailer twice as a lot power as organic springs, which have a extra triangular design.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.6″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”code”,”format”:”regular”,”code”:”u003cvideo src=” autoplay=”autoplay” muted=”true” loop=”true” playsinline=”true” width=”100%”>u003c/video>rn”,”caption”:”u003cp>When grasshoppers leap, they usually spin uncontrolled and crash-land (left). When a tiny hat is positioned on their heads to shift their heart of mass by 3%, they don’t spin (proper).u003c/p>n”,”attribution”:”u003cp>Gregory Sutton and Chloe Goode, College of Lincoln, UKu003c/p>n”,”mobile_code”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”fadein”:false,”large_margin”:false,”placeholder”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.6.placeholder”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”ACFCode”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.6.placeholder”:{“alt”:null,”top”:null,”width”:null,”url”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.6.placeholder.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.6.placeholder.sizes”:{“giant”:null,”large_width”:null,”large_height”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.7″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003cp>Why didn’t organic creatures evolve some skill to ratchet their muscle tissue or in any other case transfer themselves increased, farther and sooner?u003c/p>nu003cp>Muscular tissues are evolutionarily very outdated; they don’t differ that a lot between bugs and people. “We bought muscle tissue from our great-great-great-great-great-great-great backboneless ancestors,” Sutton mentioned. “Altering elementary properties of bits is basically exhausting for evolution.”u003c/p>nu003cp>Had there been extra evolutionary stress to leap actually excessive, “I suppose we’d have developed actually excessive jumpers,” mentioned u003ca href=” Xiaou003c/a>, a doctoral pupil and co-author with Keeley and others on the brand new robotic examine. However frogs, grasshoppers and people should be constructed not just for leaping, however for reproducing, discovering meals, escaping predators and doing all the pieces else that life requires.u003c/p>nu003cp>u003ca href=” Essneru003c/a>, a professor of organic sciences at Southern Illinois College Edwardsville, defined how these trade-offs can work. There aren’t many conditions the place you’d wish to leap straight up, he mentioned. Most frequently, when frogs and different small creatures want leaping energy, it’s as a result of they’re attempting to flee a predator behind them. Then the frog needs to rapidly place as a lot distance between itself and the predator as doable. The frog will probably lower its takeoff angle, flattening its trajectory to leap farther slightly than increased — however in all probability not the farthest it will probably, as a result of hopping to security normally entails a collection of hops. Most frogs fold their legs below their physique in midair in order that upon the moment of touchdown, they’re prepared to leap once more.u003c/p>nu003cp>Surprisingly, there isn’t all the time pure choice stress to land correctly after a giant leap. u003ca href=” in u003cem>Science Advancesu003c/em>u003c/a>, Essner and his group reported that amphibians known as pumpkin toadlets, a few of that are smaller than the tip of a sharpened pencil, nearly all the time crash-land once they leap. Their tiny measurement is on the root of their drawback: Like different animals, the frogs get their sense of steadiness from the vestibular system of their internal ear. However as a result of their vestibular system is small, it’s comparatively insensitive to angular acceleration, leaving the frogs ill-equipped to regulate for tumbling throughout a leap.u003c/p>nu003cdiv id=’component-6323706e0e68a’ class=””>u003cscript kind=”textual content/template”>{“kind”:”Picture”,”id”:”component-6323706e0e68a”,”knowledge”:{“id”:118764,”src”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED.jpg”,”alt”:”tiny orange toad subsequent to the tip of a pencil for scale”,”class”:””,”width”:1200,”top”:909,”mobileSrc”:false,”zoomSrc”:false,”mobileZoomSrc”:false,”align”:”align=”proper””,”wrapper_width”:””,”caption”:”u003cp>The intense orange amphibian known as a pumpkin toadlet is horrible at touchdown. As a result of itu2019s so tiny, it doesnu2019t get harm when it crashes.u003c/p>n”,”attribution”:”u003cp>Luiz F. Ribeirou003c/p>n”,”variant”:”shortcode”,”measurement”:”extensive”,”disableZoom”:true,”disableMobileZoom”:false,”srcImage”:{“ID”:118764,”id”:118764,”title”:”Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED”,”filename”:”Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED.jpg”,”filesize”:212493,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED.jpg”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/record-breaking-robot-highlights-how-animals-excel-at-jumping-20220914/brachycephalus-ferruginus_luiz-fernando-ribeiro_corrected/”,”alt”:”tiny orange toad subsequent to the tip of a pencil for scale”,”writer”:”42689″,”description”:””,”caption”:””,”identify”:”brachycephalus-ferruginus_luiz-fernando-ribeiro_corrected”,”standing”:”inherit”,”uploaded_to”:118755,”date”:”2022-09-13 18:35:38″,”modified”:”2022-09-13 21:04:06″,”menu_order”:0,”mime_type”:”picture/jpeg”,”kind”:”picture”,”subtype”:”jpeg”,”icon”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/wp-includes/pictures/media/default.png”,”width”:1200,”top”:909,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED-520×394.jpg”,”thumbnail-width”:520,”thumbnail-height”:394,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED.jpg”,”medium-width”:1200,”medium-height”:909,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED-768×582.jpg”,”medium_large-width”:768,”medium_large-height”:582,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED.jpg”,”large-width”:1200,”large-height”:909,”1536×1536″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED.jpg”,”1536×1536-width”:1200,”1536×1536-height”:909,”2048×2048″:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED.jpg”,”2048×2048-width”:1200,”2048×2048-height”:909,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED-160×160.jpg”,”square_small-width”:160,”square_small-height”:160,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Brachycephalus-ferruginus_Luiz-Fernando-Ribeiro_CORRECTED-520×520.jpg”,”square_large-width”:520,”square_large-height”:520}},”largeForPrint”:false,”externalLink”:””,”original_resolution”:false}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>They’re not alone in touchdown badly: Grasshoppers are “simply horrible at it” too, Sutton mentioned.u003c/p>nu003cp>In a venture led by graduate pupil Chloe Goode, Sutton’s group is presently learning why grasshoppers spin uncontrollably throughout their jumps. Of their experiments, they outfitted the bugs with tiny weighted high hats to shift their heart of gravity. The researchers discovered that this was sufficient to cease the grasshoppers from spinning within the air, which in idea may give the grasshoppers extra management over their touchdown. Sutton and his group do not know why the bugs didn’t evolve with a little bit extra weight of their head for that stability.u003c/p>nu003cp>However whereas a crash touchdown sounds perilous to us as comparatively huge creatures vulnerable to breaking bones, it’s much less problematic for smaller creatures. “It’s a scaling phenomenon,” Essner mentioned. With growing measurement, physique mass will increase extra rapidly than the cross-sectional space of the supporting bones, which determines their power, he mentioned. In comparison with an elephant, a mouse has lots of bone shoring up its minimal mass.u003c/p>nu003cp>Small creatures “simply don’t expertise any harm from falls,” Essner mentioned. There might not have been robust sufficient choice stress to oblige grasshoppers and pumpkin toadlets to evolve the power to land correctly, which freed them to evolve different talents extra essential for his or her survival, Essner added.u003c/p>nu003ch2>u003cstrong>Rethinking the Limitsu003c/robust>u003c/h2>nu003cp>The Hawkes group robotic is present process an evolution of its personal. The researchers are working with NASA to develop their machine into a completely functioning robotic that might acquire samples on different worlds, utilizing managed jumps to rapidly traverse lengthy distances. On the moon, the place there is no such thing as a environment, no air drag and solely one-sixth of Earth’s gravity, the robotic might theoretically leap greater than 400 meters, Xiao mentioned. Their hope is to launch it to the moon within the subsequent 5 years or so.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.8″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”code”,”format”:”medium”,”code”:”u003cvideo src=” autoplay=”autoplay” muted=”true” loop=”true” playsinline=”true” width=”100%”>u003c/video>rnrn”,”caption”:”u003cp>A grasshopper shops the power for its leap in springs positioned within the joints of its hind legs.u003c/p>n”,”attribution”:”u003cp>Getty/Science Picture Libraryu003c/p>n”,”mobile_code”:””,”mobile_caption”:””,”mobile_attribution”:””,”fadein”:false,”large_margin”:false,”placeholder”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.8.placeholder”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”ACFCode”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.8.placeholder”:{“alt”:null,”top”:null,”width”:null,”url”:null,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.8.placeholder.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.8.placeholder.sizes”:{“giant”:null,”large_width”:null,”large_height”:null,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:118755.acf.modules.9″:{“hide_this_component”:null,”acf_fc_layout”:”content_area”,”show_sidebars”:false,”content material”:”u003cdiv id=’component-6323706e0e922′ class=””>u003cscript kind=”textual content/template”>{“kind”:”Picture”,”id”:”component-6323706e0e922″,”knowledge”:{“id”:null,”src”:null,”alt”:null,”class”:””,”width”:null,”top”:null,”mobileSrc”:null,”zoomSrc”:null,”mobileZoomSrc”:null,”align”:”align=”””,”wrapper_width”:””,”caption”:null,”attribution”:null,”variant”:”shortcode”,”measurement”:null,”disableZoom”:null,”disableMobileZoom”:null,”srcImage”:null,”largeForPrint”:null,”externalLink”:null,”original_resolution”:null}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>And if there may be life on different planets, it could have new issues to show us about leaping. At decrease gravities, leaping might develop into simpler and sooner than flying, so organisms may evolve “Mario-like leaping characters,” Sutton mentioned.u003c/p>nu003cp>Alien life may also have muscle tissue that work otherwise, maybe with their very own ratchet-like options to power storage. “Possibly they’ve actually ridiculous biomechanical constructions, [such] that they’ll retailer power in a way more difficult method,” St. Pierre mentioned.u003c/p>nu003cp>However even on Earth, animals proceed to shock researchers. As one cautionary examine confirmed, the utmost leaping efficiency of an animal isn’t all the time what we would suppose.u003c/p>nu003cdiv id=’component-6323706e0f3e9′ class=”related-list”>u003cscript kind=”textual content/template”>{“kind”:”LinkList”,”id”:”component-6323706e0f3e9″,”knowledge”:{“title”:”Associated:”,”class”:”related-list”,”hyperlinks”:[{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/geometric-analysis-reveals-how-birds-mastered-flight-20220803/”,”title”:”Geometric Analysis Reveals How Birds Mastered Flight”},{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/too-small-for-big-muscles-tiny-animals-use-springs-20180613/”,”title”:”Too Small for Big Muscles, Tiny Animals Use Springs”},{“type”:”internal”,”link”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/flying-fish-and-aquarium-pets-yield-secrets-of-evolution-20220105/”,”title”:”Flying Fish and Aquarium Pets Yield Secrets of Evolution”}]}}u003c/script>u003c/div>nu003cp>Yearly, Calaveras County, California, hosts a Leaping Frog Jubilee impressed by u003ca href=” Twain’s well-known quick storyu003c/a>. At these gala’s, bullfrogs are reported to have jumped 2 meters horizontally, “wildly exterior of the realm of what it ought to be,” mentioned u003ca href=” Astleyu003c/a>, an assistant professor on the College of Akron. Bullfrogs had beforehand been identified to leap at most about 1.3 meters. So a few decade in the past, when Astley launched into his doctoral work, he traveled to California to settle the difficulty.u003c/p>nu003cp>On the jubilee, he and his co-workers rented some frogs, ate some funnel cake and set to work. By analyzing frog leap knowledge from competitors groups and members of most people, they found the stories weren’t an exaggeration. Greater than half the jumps they recorded had been farther than these within the literature. They ultimately realized (and u003ca href=” detailedu003c/a> in what Sutton calls “the best leaping paper ever written”) that not less than a part of the rationale for the discrepancy was that the motivations of the frogs differed. Within the out of doors setting of the Calaveras County competitors, the frogs had been afraid of “frog jockeys,” individuals who carried out whole-body lunges towards the frogs at excessive speeds. However within the lab, the place such dramatic motions weren’t widespread, the frogs weren’t petrified of anybody; they merely needed to be left alone.u003c/p>n”,”fadein”:false,”__typename”:”ACFContent”},”$Submit:118755.acf.collection”:{“identify”:null,”hyperlink”:null,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0″:{“title”:”The Math Evangelist Who Preaches Drawback-Fixing”,”hyperlink”:”https://www.quantamagazine.org/richard-rusczyk-is-a-math-evangelist-who-preaches-problem-solving-20220913/”,”classes”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.next.data.0.categories.0″,”typename”:”Term”},{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.next.data.0.categories.1″,”typename”:”Term”}],”featured_media_image”:null,”acf”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf”,”typename”:”ACFFields”},”__typename”:”Submit”},”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.classes.0″:{“slug”:”arithmetic”,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.classes.1″:{“slug”:”qa”,”__typename”:”Time period”},”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf”:{“template”:”article”,”featured_block_title”:””,”featured_image_gif”:false,”featured_image_default”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default”,”typename”:”Picture”},”featured_image_full_width”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width”,”typename”:”Picture”},”__typename”:”ACFFields”},”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_default”:{“alt”:”Richard Rusczyk standing in entrance of a yellow wall in an Artwork of Drawback Fixing classroom in San Diego.”,”caption”:””,”url”:” Rusczyk standing in entrance of a yellow wall in an Artwork of Drawback Fixing classroom in San Diego.”,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Richard_Rusczyk_2880x1220_HP-scaled.jpg”,”width”:2560,”top”:1084,”sizes”:{“kind”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”,”typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”},”$Submit:118755.subsequent.knowledge.0.acf.featured_image_full_width.sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Richard_Rusczyk_2880x1220_HP-520×220.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Richard_Rusczyk_2880x1220_HP-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Richard_Rusczyk_2880x1220_HP-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Richard_Rusczyk_2880x1220_HP-1720×729.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Richard_Rusczyk_2880x1220_HP-768×325.jpg”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2022/09/Richard_Rusczyk_2880x1220_HP-scaled.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”$Submit:118755.subsequent”:{“knowledge”:[{“type”:”id”,”generated”:true,”id”:”$Post:118755.next.data.0″,”typename”:”Post”}],”__typename”:”PostPageArchive”}}n”,”settings”:{“socialLinks”:[{“type”:”facebook”,”label”:”Facebook”,”url”:”https://www.facebook.com/QuantaNews”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”twitter”,”label”:”Twitter”,”url”:”https://twitter.com/QuantaMagazine”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”youtube”,”label”:”YouTube”,”url”:”https://www.youtube.com/c/QuantaScienceChannel”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”instagram”,”label”:”Instagram”,”url”:”https://instagram.com/quantamag”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”},{“type”:”rss”,”label”:”RSS”,”url”:”https://api.quantamagazine.org/feed/”,”__typename”:”SocialMediaLink”}],”newsletterAction”:”https://quantamagazine.us1.list-manage.com/subscribe/put up?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&id=f0cb61321c”,”newsletterUrl”:”http://us1.campaign-archive2.com/dwelling/?u=0d6ddf7dc1a0b7297c8e06618&id=f0cb61321c”,”sfNotice”:”An editorially unbiased publication supported by the Simons Basis.”,”commentsHeader”:”

Quanta Journal moderates feedback to facilitate an knowledgeable, substantive, civil dialog. Abusive, profane, self-promotional, deceptive, incoherent or off-topic feedback shall be rejected. Moderators are staffed throughout common enterprise hours (New York time) and may solely settle for feedback written in English.

n”,”channels”:[{“title”:”The Joy of Why”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-why”,”description”:”The mathematician and author Steven Strogatz interviews leading researchers about the great scientific and mathematical questions of our time.”,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:” Science Podcast”,”slug”:”podcast”,”description”:”Susan Valot narrates in-depth news episodes based on Quanta Magazine‘s articles about mathematics, physics, biology and computer science. “,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:” Joy of x”,”slug”:”the-joy-of-x”,”description”:”The acclaimed mathematician and author Steven Strogatz interviews some of the world’s leading scientists about their lives and work.”,”featured_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”width”:1920,”height”:1080,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×293.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-1720×968.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1-768×432.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JoX_Spheres_1920x1080-1.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”square_image”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”width”:600,”height”:600,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-160×160.jpg”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600-520×520.jpg”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.net/uploads/2022/03/JofX_podcast_logo-NEW-600.jpg”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Image”},”subscribe_itunes_link”:”https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/the-joy-of-x/id1495067186″,”subscribe_spotify_link”:”https://open.spotify.com/show/5HcCtKPH5gnOjRiMtTdC07?si=lFzCzat9QfuPU3hWuYibxQ”,”subscribe_android_link”:”https://podcasts.google.com/feed/aHR0cHM6Ly9hcGkucXVhbnRhbWFnYXppbmUub3JnL2ZlZWQvdGhlLWpveS1vZi14Lw”,”subscribe_stitcher_link”:”https://www.stitcher.com/podcast/the-joy-of-x”,”__typename”:”Channel”}],”popularSearches”:[{“term”:”math”,”label”:”Mathematics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”physics”,”label”:”Physics”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”black holes”,”label”:”Black Holes”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”},{“term”:”evolution”,”label”:”Evolution”,”__typename”:”PopularSearch”}],”searchTopics”:[{“type”:”Tag”,”label”:”Podcasts”,”tag”:{“name”:”podcast”,”slug”:”podcast”,”term_id”:”552″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Tag”,”label”:”Columns”,”tag”:{“name”:”Quantized Columns”,”slug”:”quantized”,”term_id”:”551″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Series”,”label”:”Series”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Interviews”,”tag”:{“name”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”567″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Q&A”,”slug”:”qa”,”term_id”:”176″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Multimedia”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Multimedia”,”slug”:”multimedia”,”term_id”:”43″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Puzzles”,”tag”:{“name”:”puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”542″,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Puzzles”,”slug”:”puzzles”,”term_id”:”546″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”Category”,”label”:”Blog Posts”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:”Abstractions blog”,”slug”:”abstractions”,”term_id”:”619″,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”news”,”label”:”News Articles”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”},{“type”:”videos”,”label”:”Videos”,”tag”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”category”:{“name”:null,”slug”:null,”term_id”:null,”__typename”:”Term”},”__typename”:”SearchTopic”}],”searchSections”:[{“name”:”Mathematics”,”slug”:”mathematics”,”term_id”:”188″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Physics”,”slug”:”physics”,”term_id”:”189″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Biology”,”slug”:”biology”,”term_id”:”191″,”__typename”:”Term”},{“name”:”Computer Science”,”slug”:”computer-science”,”term_id”:”190″,”__typename”:”Term”}],”searchAuthors”:[{“id”:”38171″,”name”:”Adam Becker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”28087″,”name”:”Adam Mann”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”29794″,”name”:”Alex Kontorovich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39302″,”name”:”Alexander Hellemans”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”56″,”name”:”Alla Katsnelson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”29458″,”name”:”Allison Whitten”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”73″,”name”:”Amanda Gefter”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39164″,”name”:”Ana Kova”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”59″,”name”:”Andreas von Bubnoff”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8728″,”name”:”Anil Ananthaswamy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”11648″,”name”:”Ann Finkbeiner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42689″,”name”:”Annie Melchor”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”95″,”name”:”Ariel Bleicher”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15493″,”name”:”Ashley Smart”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”450″,”name”:”Ashley Yeager”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”36490″,”name”:”Ben Brubaker”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16315″,”name”:”Bill Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2752″,”name”:”Bob Henderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15492″,”name”:”Brendan Z. Foster”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”68″,”name”:”Brooke Borel”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”62″,”name”:”Carl Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13684″,”name”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13691″,”name”:”Caroline Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”50″,”name”:”Carrie Arnold”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15142″,”name”:”Chanda Prescod-Weinstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8084″,”name”:”Charlie Wood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”742″,”name”:”Christie Wilcox”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”11543″,”name”:”Claudia Dreifus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”57″,”name”:”Courtney Humphries”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7262″,”name”:”Dalmeet Singh Chawla”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”70″,”name”:”Dan Falk”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19918″,”name”:”Dana Najjar”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13695″,”name”:”Daniel Garisto”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32676″,”name”:”Daniel S. Freed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13724″,”name”:”David H. Freedman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26310″,”name”:”David S. Richeson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”30207″,”name”:”David Tse”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19266″,”name”:”Devin Powell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13251″,”name”:”Diana Kwon”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17000″,”name”:”Elena Renken”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17149″,”name”:”Elizabeth Landau”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5279″,”name”:”Elizabeth Preston”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”58″,”name”:”Elizabeth Svoboda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32612″,”name”:”Ellen Horne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”27534″,”name”:”Emily Buder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”25173″,”name”:”Emily Levesque”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”64″,”name”:”Emily Singer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”47″,”name”:”Erica Klarreich”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14784″,”name”:”Erika K. Carlson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”98″,”name”:”Esther Landhuis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5830″,”name”:”Eva Silverstein”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”6793″,”name”:”Evelyn Lamb”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”75″,”name”:”Ferris Jabr”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”52″,”name”:”Frank Wilczek”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”69″,”name”:”Gabriel Popkin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”77″,”name”:”George Musser”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19092″,”name”:”Grant Sanderson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20557″,”name”:”Howard Lee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”66″,”name”:”Ingrid Daubechies”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”46418″,”name”:”Ingrid Wickelgren”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”85″,”name”:”Ivan Amato”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37141″,”name”:”Jake Buehler”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44758″,”name”:”James Dinneen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12170″,”name”:”Janna Levin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32″,”name”:”Jeanette Kazmierczak”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”51″,”name”:”Jennifer Ouellette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44787″,”name”:”Joanna Thompson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”72″,”name”:”John Pavlus”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16475″,”name”:”John Preskill”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”91″,”name”:”John Rennie”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”10351″,”name”:”Jonathan Lambert”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”31716″,”name”:”Jonathan O’Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1241″,”name”:”Jordana Cepelewicz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”8463″,”name”:”Joshua Roebke”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”49″,”name”:”Joshua Sokol”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”16815″,”name”:”jye”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”67″,”name”:”K.C. Cole”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37462″,”name”:”Karmela Padavic-Callaghan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”87″,”name”:”Kat McGowan”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”36139″,”name”:”Katarina Zimmer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20556″,”name”:”Katherine Harmon Courage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”90″,”name”:”Katia Moskvitch”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39551″,”name”:”Katie McCormick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”27374″,”name”:”Kelsey Houston-Edwards”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”40″,”name”:”Kevin Hartnett”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”45758″,”name”:”Kristina Armitage”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38413″,”name”:”Lakshmi Chandrasekaran”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12570″,”name”:”Laura Poppick”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38699″,”name”:”Leila Sloman”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23451″,”name”:”Liam Drew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”79″,”name”:”Liz Kruesi”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38″,”name”:”Lucy Reading-Ikkanda”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”60″,”name”:”Maggie McKee”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2333″,”name”:”Mallory Locklear”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3569″,”name”:”Marcus Woo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”414″,”name”:”Mark Kim-Mulgrew”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20495″,”name”:”Matt Carlstrom”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17147″,”name”:”Matthew Hutson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”30953″,”name”:”Max G. Levy”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”32437″,”name”:”Max Kozlov”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”38705″,”name”:”mcho”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”40613″,”name”:”Melanie Mitchell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7186″,”name”:”Melinda Wenner Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14093″,”name”:”Michael Harris”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”34″,”name”:”Michael Kranz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23″,”name”:”Michael Moyer”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”74″,”name”:”Michael Nielsen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19093″,”name”:”Michele Bannister”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1472″,”name”:”Moira Chas”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”6476″,”name”:”Monique Brouillette”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42264″,”name”:”Mordechai Rorvig”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”10″,”name”:”Natalie Wolchover”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37605″,”name”:”Nick Thieme”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”43298″,”name”:”Nicole Yunger Halpern”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”37428″,”name”:”Nima Arkani-Hamed”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”19962″,”name”:”Nola Taylor Redd”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24″,”name”:”Olena Shmahalo”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1816″,”name”:”Patrick Honner”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”84″,”name”:”Peter Byrne”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”55″,”name”:”Philip Ball”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”31″,”name”:”Pradeep Mutalik”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24011″,”name”:”Puja Changoiwala”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”100″,”name”:”Quanta Magazine”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2784″,”name”:”R. Douglas Fields”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26114″,”name”:”Rachel Crowell”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”9412″,”name”:”Raleigh McElvery”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”820″,”name”:”Ramin Skibba”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”1666″,”name”:”Rebecca Boyle”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”20950″,”name”:”Richard Masland”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”48″,”name”:”Robbert Dijkgraaf”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”80″,”name”:”Roberta Kwok”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15681″,”name”:”Robin George Andrews”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”24577″,”name”:”Rodrigo Pérez Ortega”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”78″,”name”:”Sabine Hossenfelder”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”23845″,”name”:”Samuel Velasco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”83″,”name”:”Sarah Lewin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”35441″,”name”:”Scott Aaronson”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”76″,”name”:”Sean B. Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15680″,”name”:”Sean Carroll”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”7239″,”name”:”Shannon Hall”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”44197″,”name”:”Sheon Han”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”65″,”name”:”Siobhan Roberts”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”5944″,”name”:”Sophia Chen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”61″,”name”:”Steph Yin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”63″,”name”:”Stephanie Bucklin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”26311″,”name”:”Stephanie DeMarco”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”71″,”name”:”Stephen Ornes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17148″,”name”:”Steve Nadis”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”13356″,”name”:”Steven Strogatz”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”17150″,”name”:”Susan D’Agostino”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”39768″,”name”:”Tamar Lichter Blanks”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”2960″,”name”:”Tara C. Smith”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”14785″,”name”:”Thomas Lewton”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3″,”name”:”Thomas Lin”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”54″,”name”:”Tim Vernimmen”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”88″,”name”:”Tom Siegfried”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”12964″,”name”:”Vanessa Schipani”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”53″,”name”:”Veronique Greenwood”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”86″,”name”:”Virginia Hughes”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”3244″,”name”:”Viviane Callier”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”89″,”name”:”Wynne Parry”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”15913″,”name”:”XiaoZhi Lim”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”42263″,”name”:”Yasemin Saplakoglu”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”},{“id”:”45757″,”name”:”Zack Savitsky”,”__typename”:”AuthorList”}],”adBehavior”:”all over the place”,”adUrl”:” and Bob Meet the Wall of Fireplace – The Greatest Concepts in Science from Quanta – Obtainable now!”,”adImageHome”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2019/01/Ad_Default_250x342_2x_Science.jpg”,”adImageArticle”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2019/01/Ad_Article_320x600_Science.jpg”,”adImageTablet”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2019/01/Ad_Tablet_890x250_2x_Science.jpg”,”adImageMobile”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2019/01/Ad_Mobile_250x200_2x_Science.jpg”,”trackingScripts”:”rnrnrnrnrnrnrnrn”},”theme”:{“web page”:{“accent”:”#ff8600″,”textual content”:”#1a1a1a”,”background”:”white”},”header”:{“kind”:”default”,”gradient”:{“shade”:”white”},”strong”:{“main”:”#1a1a1a”,”secondary”:”#999999″,”hover”:”#ff8600″},”clear”:{“main”:”white”,”secondary”:”white”,”hover”:”#ff8600″}}},”redirect”:null,”fallbackImage”:{“alt”:””,”caption”:””,”url”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”width”:1200,”top”:600,”sizes”:{“thumbnail”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-520×260.gif”,”square_small”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-160×160.gif”,”square_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-520×520.gif”,”medium”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”medium_large”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default-768×384.gif”,”giant”:”https://d2r55xnwy6nx47.cloudfront.web/uploads/2017/04/default.gif”,”__typename”:”ImageSizes”},”__typename”:”Picture”}},”modals”:{“loginModal”:false,”signUpModal”:false,”forgotPasswordModal”:false,”resetPasswordModal”:false,”lightboxModal”:false,”callback”:null,”props”:null},”podcast”:{“id”:null,”taking part in”:false,”period”:0,”currentTime”:0},”person”:{“loggedIn”:false,”savedArticleIDs”:[],”userEmail”:””,”editor”:false},”feedback”:{“open”:false},”cookies”:{“acceptedCookie”:false}},
env: {
APP_URL: ‘
NODE_ENV: ‘manufacturing’,
WP_URL: ‘
HAS_GOOGLE_ID: true,
HAS_FACEBOOK_ID: true,
},
}